What is the right metal for heat exchanger tubes?

The choice of metal for heat exchanger tubes depends on several factors, including the operating conditions, fluids involved, and cost considerations. Here are some common metals used for heat exchanger tubes and their characteristics:

1. Copper:
   - Excellent thermal conductivity
   - Good corrosion resistance
   - Suitable for moderate temperatures and pressures
   - Often used in HVAC systems and domestic applications

2. Stainless Steel (various grades):
   - Good corrosion resistance
   - Suitable for high temperatures and pressures
   - Types 304 and 316 are commonly used
   - Ideal for food processing and chemical industries

3. Carbon Steel:
   - Cost-effective
   - Good heat transfer properties
   - Suitable for non-corrosive environments
   - Often used in oil and gas industries

4. Aluminum:
   - Lightweight
   - Good thermal conductivity
   - Cost-effective
   - Used in automotive and aerospace applications

5. Titanium:
   - Excellent corrosion resistance, especially in seawater
   - High strength-to-weight ratio
   - Suitable for aggressive environments
   - Used in marine and chemical processing industries

6. Nickel Alloys (e.g., Inconel, Hastelloy):
   - Excellent corrosion resistance
   - High-temperature strength
   - Used in extremely corrosive or high-temperature applications

7. Copper-Nickel Alloys:
   - Good corrosion resistance, especially in seawater
   - Biofouling resistant
   - Often used in marine heat exchangers

8. Brass:
   - Good thermal conductivity
   - Moderate corrosion resistance
   - Cost-effective alternative to copper in some applications

The right metal for heat exchanger tubes should be selected based on:
- Operating temperature and pressure
- Chemical composition of fluids
- Corrosion resistance requirements
- Thermal conductivity needs
- Cost constraints
- Industry-specific regulations or standards

It's often best to consult with materials engineers or heat exchanger manufacturers to determine the most suitable metal for specific applications.